Fig 2: (A) The gene expression levels of enzymes in energy metabolism. (B) The mRNA expression levels of some enzymes in energy metabolism (n=3. The original data are shown in Table S7). (C) The activity of IDH2 (n=3. The original data are shown in Table S8). (D) The protein expression levels of some enzymes involved in energy metabolism (n=3–15. The original data are shown in Figs. S2–S7). Error bars represent mean ± SD, #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01. PDHA, PDHB and PDHX are subunits of PDH. SUCLG1 is a subunit of SUCLG. SDHA and SDHB are subunits of SDH.

Fig 3: Exogenous 20mM LA regulates PBMC-derived macrophage polarization through metabolic reprogramming under normoxia and hypoxia. (A) Schematic diagram of mitochondrial OXPHOS and glycolysis. (B, C) The mRNA expression of mitochondrial OXPHOS- and glycolysis-related genes in macrophages treated with or without LA (20 mM) under normoxia and hypoxia (n = 3-6). (D, E) Quantification of protein expression participating in mitochondrial OXPHOS (NDUFA1, SDHB, UQCRC2, Cox4I1 and ATP5F1), hypoxia (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) and glycolysis (LDHA and LDHB) regulation in macrophages treated with or without LA (20 mM) under normoxia and hypoxia by western blotting (n = 3-6). Data are shown as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05. OXPHOS, Oxidative phosphorylation.

Fig 4: Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which trophoblast-derived LA regulates macrophage polarization under normoxia and hypoxia. Under normoxia, trophoblast-derived LA promotes macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype by upregulating mitochondrial OXPHOS (especially increasing the expression of SDHB, COX4I1 and LDHB) and SRC-mediated LDHA phosphorylation (Y10) / VEGF expression. Under hypoxia, trophoblast-derived LA promotes macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype by upregulating glycolysis mediated by HIF-1α, especially by increasing LDHA.

Fig 5: Effects of DHA on the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain-associated proteins in LPS-induced HL-1 cells. A-D) Representative Western blot images showing the effect of DHA on the expressions of NDUFA9, SDHB, UQCRC2, and COX IV. Quantitative analysis of above proteins among all groups n = 3 independent experiments. **P < 0.01, compared with the control group; #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, compared with the LPS group.